India History, Maps, Population, Economy, & Facts

Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitudes and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude. To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats; the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Simultaneously, the vast Tethyan oceanic crust, to its northeast, began to subduct under the Eurasian Plate. Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India. In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.

Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some wealthy landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture. By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, several European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts. Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as Bet365 India the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India, and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.

The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, who had converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. India's social, economic, and cultural configurations are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Kochi Biennale is India's largest contemporary art exhibition, held every two years in the city.

In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%; in 2021, India was the world's ninth-largest importer and the sixteenth-largest exporter. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. According to the International Monetary Fund, the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94 trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and, at around $15.0 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). There are six recognised national parties in the country, including the Indian National Congress (generally, "the Congress") and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); there and over 50 regional parties. It predominates in the temperate coniferous forest of the Himalayas, the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India.

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After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains,r leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well. The Pallavas, in particular, traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and Southeast Asia. Based on coalescence of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome data, it is thought that the earliest extant lineages of anatomically modern humans or Homo sapiens on the Indian subcontinent had reached there from Africa between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and with high likelihood by 55,000 years ago.

Hindustan (ɦɪndʊˈstaːn ⓘ) is a Middle Persian name for India that became popular by the 13th century, and was used widely since the era of the Mughal Empire. A modern rendering of the historical name Bharatavarsha, which applied originally to North India, Bharat gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India. Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition, and rising levels of air pollution. India has reduced its poverty rate, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. A comparatively destitute country in 1951, India has become a fast-growing major economy and a hub for information technology services, with an expanding middle class.

Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, diffused into India from the northwest. The meaning of Hindustan has varied, referring to a region encompassing the northern Indian subcontinent (present-day northern India and Pakistan) or to India in its near entirety. The term Bharat (Bhārat; pronounced ˈbʱaːɾət ⓘ), mentioned in both Indian epic poetry and the Constitution of India, is used in its variations by many Indian languages. This era was noted for creativity in art, architecture, and writing, but the status of women declined, and untouchability became an organised belief.l In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest.

India also contains four of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots, or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.t India is the habitat for 8.6% of all mammals, 13.7% of bird species, 7.9% of reptile species, 6% of amphibian species, 12.2% of fish species, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018. India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains. Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.

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Trigonometry was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra. The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Varāhamihira, and Madhava. As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by Company painting by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.

In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under affirmative action policies for the historically disadvantaged.
After losing the majority in the 2024 general election, the BJP formed a coalition government with its NDA partners.
After the India–Pakistan war of 1965, Shastri died in January 1966, soon after signing the Tashkent Peace Declaration.
There are six recognised national parties in the country, including the Indian National Congress (generally, "the Congress") and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); there and over 50 regional parties.
The national emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back.

The news report said the Indian investigators are preparing to state in their final probe report that Air India Flight 171 crashed because one of the pilots turned off the aircraft's fuel switches in an act that was "almost certainly" intentional. Once India also ratifies the agreement, it can enter into force. Signing of the agreement between the EU and India The EU and India commit to working together on climate action and the sustainable use of natural resources.

There were also many other Indian dynasties (empires) such as the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. It has become a very popular name for India since the middle of the 19th century. It original meaning was the northern part of India.

India is the world's largest democracy and, according to UN estimates, its population is expected to overtake China's in 2028 to become the world's most populous nation. When the two finally collided (approximately 50 million years ago), the northern edge of the Indian-Australian Plate was thrust under the Eurasian Plate at a low angle. Much of India’s territory lies within a large peninsula, surrounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east; Cape Comorin (Kanniyakumari), the southernmost point of the Indian mainland, marks the dividing line between those two bodies of water. Though the country’s population remains largely rural, India has three of the most populous and cosmopolitan cities in the world—Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta), and Delhi. The subcontinent was then partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims; the eastern portion of Pakistan later split off to form Bangladesh. India’s territory is made up of 28 states and 8 union territories, and its national capital is New Delhi.

In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan. India's nominal GDP per capita increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. India was the world's second-largest textile exporter after China in the 2013 calendar year.

As Mughal rule weakened other empires like the Maratha empire and Sikh empire replaced it. The influence of Cholas are still noticeable in Southeast Asia. Southern India at that time was famous for its science, art, and writing. Hindustān (ɦɪndʊˈstaːn (listenⓘ)) is a Middle Persian name for India. The name Bhārat (भारत; pronounced ˈbʱaːɾət (listenⓘ)) is found in both Indian epic poetry and the Constitution of India.

A final report could adopt a more cautious version to avoid strong national controversies, the outlet reported. There was already pressure on India from western countries in particular that, if the probe was not carried out with full facts, the security level of all Indian airlines could be re-evaluated, the news report noted. The Italian newspaper said a conclusion pointing to the flight captain is a "desired turning point" for US experts who've been confronting their Indian counterparts with evidence, as the Indian team refused to recognise a human role in the tragedy. India’s probe agency Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) and the civil aviation ministry did not respond to HT’s requests for comment on the report. Indian pilots associations and Sabharwal’s family have criticised what they see as an attempt to pin the blame; and have called for more scrutiny on the aircraft maker, the airline and other factors too.

In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indian petticoat, and tucked in along the waist band for more secure fastening. From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was draped. Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first talkies of the 1930s. Among 20th-century directions is the modern dance of Uday Shankar in which classical styles were employed but not adhered to rigidly.

India History, Maps, Population, Economy, & Facts

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